I. Ecology:
A. Ecology:
- The study of living things and their interactions with the envrionment.
B. Basic ecology terms:
1. Environment - All of the living and nonliving things in an area.
2. Ecosystem - All of the living and nonliving things that interact.
3. Community- The living parts of an ecosystem.
4. Population - Any number of the same species of organism living in
a certain area.
5. Habitat - The place where an organism lives.
6. Niche - An organims job or role in an ecosystem. What it does and
what it needs.
a.. Example (Hummingbird)
What it does: What it needs:
- spreads pollen - Warm temperatures
- builds nest - nectar producing plants.
- spreads seeds - tree to nest in.
7. Biotic and Abiotic:
a. Biotic - Living things and that they produce or cause.
B. Abiotic - Nonliving things that interact with living things.
II. The Flow of Energy:
*Almost all energy on the surface of the the planet comes from the sun.
A. Energy Roles in an ecosystem:
1. Producers (Plants)
- An organism that can produce their own food from raw materials and
the sun.
a. Photosynthesis:
- The process in which plants produce carbohydrates (food) from
CO2 and water using light as an energy source.
(sunlight+carbon dioxide + water = sugar + oxygen.
2. Primary Consumers: (herbivore)
- An organism that must consume plants to get the sun's energy.
3. Secondary Consumer: (carnivores and omnivores)
- An organism that must eat either producers or primary consumers to
get the suns energy.
4. Decomposers:(Bugs and Fungi)
- An organism that breaks down dead or decomposing life and
returns nutrients to the soil. It also cannot produce energy.
- They turn dead material into waste. (poop)
B. Energy Chains and Webs:
1. Food Chain:
- This shows the where the energy goes amoung a few species in
an ecosystem.
a. Two types of food chains:
1. PCD
sun -- Producer --- P. Consumer ---- Decomposer
sun -- Grass -------Moose --------------mushrooms
2. PCCD
Sun -- Producer -- P. Consumer --- S. Consumer ---- Decomposer
Sun -- clover -------- Bunny --------------wolf ----------------Bacteria
2. Food Web:
- Shows the flow of energy through many organisms in an ecosystem.
a. How to make a food web:
1. Draw and label 3 producers
2. Draw and label 3 primary consumers.
3. Draw and label 3 secondary consumers
4. Draw and lable 3 decomposers.
5. Use arrows to show where the energy flows.
III. Adaptations
A. Two types of adaptations:
1. Physical Adaptation
- Part of an organisms body that helps it to survive.
2. Behavioral Adaptation
- An action that is passed down through mimicking.
B. How an adaptation occurs:
1. A genetic mutation is born or a new behavior is discovered.
2. The new adaptation or action helps the individual live longer
and produce more offspring.
3. The offspring has the mutation or mimics the parents.
4. The exhisting species is forced to move or go extinct.
C. The Law of Natural Selection:
- Only those organisms that are the best adapted for thier
environment can live and continue to produce offspring.
- Also known as survival of the fittest.
D.Why organism must adapt:
1. Adapt to fill a niche:
- If there is abundant food or space an organism will adapt to fill
the niche. Sometimes replacing the existing species.
2. Adapt to climate change:
-If the temperature and rainfall amount change only those that
are adapted for the change survive.
3. Adapt for a relationship:
- If the prey changes, then the predator must make changes as
as well. (cheetah - antelope)
- Only the biggest and strongest win in competition.
E. Five big ideas in adaptations:
1. All adaptations start with one individual
2. Animals do not choose to adapt.
3. Time
4. As the world changes, so does its animals.
5. The Law of Natural Selection always applies.
IV. Ecological Relationships
A. Predator- Prey Relationship:
- A predator must catch, kill, and eat it prey.
- Both species benefit.
B. Competition:
- Organisms will compete for food, water, territory, mates, and sunlight.
- May be between 2 of the same species, or 2 different species.
C. Symbiosis:
- A close relationship between 2 organisms that live on, near, or inside
another organism where at least one benefits.
1. Commensalism
- One organism benefits, and the other organism is not affected.
2. Mutualism
- Both organisms benefit and neither is harmed.
3. Parasitism
- One organims benefits and the other is harmed.
- A parasite normally does not kill its host. It needs its host to stay
alive to get nutrients. (Food)
V. Human Inpact on Ecology
A. What does it mean to go extinct?
- A species gores from endangered to extinct when it passes out of all
existence. (Zero)
B. Four ways that humans are hurting the species:
1. Intentional Killing:
- Animals are hunted for their fur, teeth, feathers, oil, etc.
- Trees are cut down for their lumber.
2. Destroying their habitats:
a. Deforestation:
- Cutting down forest to clear land for farms or buildings.
b. Desertification:
- When animals in a grassland over eat the plants at a fast rate
and the area slowly turns into a desert.
c. Wetland Destruction:
- Wetlands are drained, filled in , or destroyed by pollution.
3. Changing the community:
a. Exotic Species:
- When a species is introduced into a place where they did not
exist before.
4. Accidental Killing:
- Florida manatees are being killed by speedboats.
- Growing exotic plants pulled from the wild.
- Owning unusual pets captured in the wild.
VI. Climate and Biomes:
A. Climate:
- The average yearly rainfall and temperature in a given area.
B. Factors that affect temperature:
1. Latitude (Altitude)
- The measure of the distance north or south of the equator.
2. Elevation
- Is the distance above sea level.
- As the elevation increases the temperature decreases.
3. Ocean Currents
- A "river" of water that flows in a definite pattern.
- Can bring with it cold or hot air and water.
C. Factors that affect preciptiation:
1. Prevailing winds:
- A wind that blows more often from one direction.
- water to land = wet area
- land to water = dry area
2. Mountain Ranges:
- A mountain range serves as a barrier to stop rain clouds.
a. windward side - receives a great deal of precipitation
b. leeward side - side facing away from the wind gets very little precipitation.
D. Climate Zones
- Earth is dided into 3 areas based on overall temp and rainfall.
- microclimates - small areas within climate zones.
1. Polar Zones:
- From the north pole to about 60 degrees lattitude.
- average temp below freezing.
- There is little precipitation.
2. Temperate Zones:
- between 60 and 30 degrees latitude.
- warm in the summer and cold in the winter.
3. Tropical Zones:
- From 30 to 0 degrees latitude.
- Usually heavy amounts of rainfall.
- Temps the warmest of any zone.
A. Ecology:
- The study of living things and their interactions with the envrionment.
B. Basic ecology terms:
1. Environment - All of the living and nonliving things in an area.
2. Ecosystem - All of the living and nonliving things that interact.
3. Community- The living parts of an ecosystem.
4. Population - Any number of the same species of organism living in
a certain area.
5. Habitat - The place where an organism lives.
6. Niche - An organims job or role in an ecosystem. What it does and
what it needs.
a.. Example (Hummingbird)
What it does: What it needs:
- spreads pollen - Warm temperatures
- builds nest - nectar producing plants.
- spreads seeds - tree to nest in.
7. Biotic and Abiotic:
a. Biotic - Living things and that they produce or cause.
B. Abiotic - Nonliving things that interact with living things.
II. The Flow of Energy:
*Almost all energy on the surface of the the planet comes from the sun.
A. Energy Roles in an ecosystem:
1. Producers (Plants)
- An organism that can produce their own food from raw materials and
the sun.
a. Photosynthesis:
- The process in which plants produce carbohydrates (food) from
CO2 and water using light as an energy source.
(sunlight+carbon dioxide + water = sugar + oxygen.
2. Primary Consumers: (herbivore)
- An organism that must consume plants to get the sun's energy.
3. Secondary Consumer: (carnivores and omnivores)
- An organism that must eat either producers or primary consumers to
get the suns energy.
4. Decomposers:(Bugs and Fungi)
- An organism that breaks down dead or decomposing life and
returns nutrients to the soil. It also cannot produce energy.
- They turn dead material into waste. (poop)
B. Energy Chains and Webs:
1. Food Chain:
- This shows the where the energy goes amoung a few species in
an ecosystem.
a. Two types of food chains:
1. PCD
sun -- Producer --- P. Consumer ---- Decomposer
sun -- Grass -------Moose --------------mushrooms
2. PCCD
Sun -- Producer -- P. Consumer --- S. Consumer ---- Decomposer
Sun -- clover -------- Bunny --------------wolf ----------------Bacteria
2. Food Web:
- Shows the flow of energy through many organisms in an ecosystem.
a. How to make a food web:
1. Draw and label 3 producers
2. Draw and label 3 primary consumers.
3. Draw and label 3 secondary consumers
4. Draw and lable 3 decomposers.
5. Use arrows to show where the energy flows.
III. Adaptations
A. Two types of adaptations:
1. Physical Adaptation
- Part of an organisms body that helps it to survive.
2. Behavioral Adaptation
- An action that is passed down through mimicking.
B. How an adaptation occurs:
1. A genetic mutation is born or a new behavior is discovered.
2. The new adaptation or action helps the individual live longer
and produce more offspring.
3. The offspring has the mutation or mimics the parents.
4. The exhisting species is forced to move or go extinct.
C. The Law of Natural Selection:
- Only those organisms that are the best adapted for thier
environment can live and continue to produce offspring.
- Also known as survival of the fittest.
D.Why organism must adapt:
1. Adapt to fill a niche:
- If there is abundant food or space an organism will adapt to fill
the niche. Sometimes replacing the existing species.
2. Adapt to climate change:
-If the temperature and rainfall amount change only those that
are adapted for the change survive.
3. Adapt for a relationship:
- If the prey changes, then the predator must make changes as
as well. (cheetah - antelope)
- Only the biggest and strongest win in competition.
E. Five big ideas in adaptations:
1. All adaptations start with one individual
2. Animals do not choose to adapt.
3. Time
4. As the world changes, so does its animals.
5. The Law of Natural Selection always applies.
IV. Ecological Relationships
A. Predator- Prey Relationship:
- A predator must catch, kill, and eat it prey.
- Both species benefit.
B. Competition:
- Organisms will compete for food, water, territory, mates, and sunlight.
- May be between 2 of the same species, or 2 different species.
C. Symbiosis:
- A close relationship between 2 organisms that live on, near, or inside
another organism where at least one benefits.
1. Commensalism
- One organism benefits, and the other organism is not affected.
2. Mutualism
- Both organisms benefit and neither is harmed.
3. Parasitism
- One organims benefits and the other is harmed.
- A parasite normally does not kill its host. It needs its host to stay
alive to get nutrients. (Food)
V. Human Inpact on Ecology
A. What does it mean to go extinct?
- A species gores from endangered to extinct when it passes out of all
existence. (Zero)
B. Four ways that humans are hurting the species:
1. Intentional Killing:
- Animals are hunted for their fur, teeth, feathers, oil, etc.
- Trees are cut down for their lumber.
2. Destroying their habitats:
a. Deforestation:
- Cutting down forest to clear land for farms or buildings.
b. Desertification:
- When animals in a grassland over eat the plants at a fast rate
and the area slowly turns into a desert.
c. Wetland Destruction:
- Wetlands are drained, filled in , or destroyed by pollution.
3. Changing the community:
a. Exotic Species:
- When a species is introduced into a place where they did not
exist before.
4. Accidental Killing:
- Florida manatees are being killed by speedboats.
- Growing exotic plants pulled from the wild.
- Owning unusual pets captured in the wild.
VI. Climate and Biomes:
A. Climate:
- The average yearly rainfall and temperature in a given area.
B. Factors that affect temperature:
1. Latitude (Altitude)
- The measure of the distance north or south of the equator.
2. Elevation
- Is the distance above sea level.
- As the elevation increases the temperature decreases.
3. Ocean Currents
- A "river" of water that flows in a definite pattern.
- Can bring with it cold or hot air and water.
C. Factors that affect preciptiation:
1. Prevailing winds:
- A wind that blows more often from one direction.
- water to land = wet area
- land to water = dry area
2. Mountain Ranges:
- A mountain range serves as a barrier to stop rain clouds.
a. windward side - receives a great deal of precipitation
b. leeward side - side facing away from the wind gets very little precipitation.
D. Climate Zones
- Earth is dided into 3 areas based on overall temp and rainfall.
- microclimates - small areas within climate zones.
1. Polar Zones:
- From the north pole to about 60 degrees lattitude.
- average temp below freezing.
- There is little precipitation.
2. Temperate Zones:
- between 60 and 30 degrees latitude.
- warm in the summer and cold in the winter.
3. Tropical Zones:
- From 30 to 0 degrees latitude.
- Usually heavy amounts of rainfall.
- Temps the warmest of any zone.
2018_ecology_final_study_sheet.pdf | |
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ecology_final_questions_homework.docx | |
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